The gaelic origins of place names in britain

If you have ever wondered how many of the places in Scotland got their names, this extensive list of terms, along with pronunciation, is here to help.

See also Scandanavian, Scots and Welsh

Background to Scottish Gaelic

Scottish Gaelic today is strongly associated with the Scottish Highlands, especially the Western Isles, and it is easy to forget that it was once the main language of Scotland. About a thousand years ago, when Gaelic was at its height, it could be heard from Berwickshire to Caithness and from Cape Wrath to the Rhinns of Galloway. It has left its mark above all else, in place names, even in areas including much of lowland Scotland, where it has been little spoken since the middle ages. It has left us with thousands of familiar place names containing scores of Gaelic elements, such as Auch‑ from achadh, Auchter‑ from uachdar, Bal‑ from baile, Dun‑ from dùn, Inver‑ from inbhir, Kin‑ from ceann, and Kil‑ usually from cill or coille.

On the Ordnance Survey maps of Scotland you will find two types of names: those written using English spelling and those using Gaelic spelling (orthography). This does not reflect the extent of place names derived from Gaelic, which are to be found throughout most of Scotland, but rather it reflects the areas in which Gaelic was, or had recently been, spoken at the time of the creation of the Ordnance Survey maps in the 19th century. The accompanying glossary is concerned only with those names written in Gaelic orthography. The initial form given in the glossary is the main form of that word in the Gaelic‑Gaelic dictionary Brìgh nam Facal by Richard A V Cox (Gairm Publications, Glasgow 1991).

Structure of place name

Place names are made up of elements, words taken mostly from everyday language used to describe a special feature of a place. Place names arise from the interaction of language and environment.

Place names can consist of a single generic element, usually a noun (Comar NH3331, Corran NS2193). These are often preceded by the Scottish Standard English definite article ’the’, Gaelic an, am, a’, plural na (An Dùnan NM8629, Am Fasgadh NN0169, A’ Charraig NR8467, Na Croitean NM3721). Most place names, however, are made up of more than one element, with a linguistic relationship between the elements. For example, the generic can be qualified by:

• An adjective, such as mòr ’big’ in Beinn Mhòr NH9928 or dearg ’red’ in Eas Dearg NN6109. Sometimes more than one adjective can qualify the generic element, as in Eilean Glas Mòr NF9069. Such names are also often preceded by the definite article, as in An Ùidh Dhubh NH7395. Note that the definite article is more common in such place names than would appear from Ordnance Survey maps, which frequently do not record it as part of the name.
• Another common noun in the genitive case, such as sgadan ’herring’ in Geodha Sgadain NG1087, often with the definite article, such as Gleann a’ Chapaill NR7367 (’glen of the horse’), or Loch na h‑Oidhche NG8865 (’loch of the night’).
• A proper noun, either a personal name, such as Fearchar (Farquhar) in Allt Fhearchair NM5326 or Mairead (Margaret) in Clach Mairead NB1841; OR an existing place name, such as Ìle (Islay) in Caol Ìle or Àirigh nan Eun in Allt Àirigh nan Eun NR8666. Many personal names are those of saints, such as Cill(e) Brìde NR8362, NR3846 (’church of (St) Brigit’ (Kilbride)).

The element qualifying a generic element is called a qualifying or specific element. An element can be generic or specific, depending on how it is used in a name. For example, in Eilean Dubh NC2409 eilean is the generic, dubh is the specific element; whereas in Loch an Eilein NR7980 loch is the generic, an t‑eilean (’the island’) is the specific element.

In Gaelic an adjective usually follows its noun, as in French, for example, Creag Bhàn, Beinn Fhada, except for sean(n) (’old’), which regularly comes before its noun. Other adjectives, especially colour adjectives, can sometimes come after, sometimes before their noun, for example, Coire Glas NO2587 but Glas‑Choire NS1598.

Gaelic spelling and pronunciation

Gaelic spelling is more regular than English spelling, which means that it reflects more accurately the actual sounds of the language. It should be stressed, however, that the sound system of Gaelic is different from Standard English (Received Pronunciation), Scottish Standard English, Scots, or any of the Scottish or English dialects, except for the so‑called West Highland accent, which has been heavily influenced by Gaelic. There are, however, more similarities with Scottish Standard English than with Standard English (Received Pronunciation), so most of the examples below are taken from Scottish Standard English. Modern Gaelic spelling recommendations are embodied in the Gaelic Orthographic Conventions that are available online at sqa.org.uk.

Gaelic uses an alphabet of 18 letters, namely a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u. A major feature of the Gaelic spelling system is the concept of broad and slender vowels, which are also referred to as back and front vowels. The broad or back vowels are a, o, u, the slender or front vowels are e, i. The pronunciation of most consonants is different depending on whether they are beside a broad vowel or a slender vowel. For this reason a consonant or group of consonants in the middle of a word must have either a broad vowel on either side or a slender vowel on either side.

All vowels can be long or short, with length being indicated by a grave accent ( ’ ). Formerly acute accents ( ´ ) were used on e and o to indicate not only length (quantity) but also quality, with è pronounced like a long French è (as in Scottish English cortege), and é pronounced like a long French é (as in Scottish English bay); while ò was pronounced like Scottish English awe, and ó like Scottish English owe. However, the acute accent ( ´ ) has been abandoned in modern spelling recommendations so that the grave accent ( ’ ) now indicates length only.

These modern spelling recommendations also explain why forms formerly written with u in unstressed syllables such as calltuinn, camus, tarsuinn, are now written with a, calltainn, camas, tarsainn.

What follows is only a rough approximation of sounds. Remember that the English words given as equivalents are to be pronounced more like Scottish Standard English than Standard English (received pronunciation), unless otherwise stated.

Vowels

Single vowels

• a: like a in ’hat’, often like u in ’but’; before nn it is like ow in ’cow’
• à: like a in ’half’
• e: short closed e like a in ’rate’ and short open e like e in ’fetch’
• è: long closed e like ay in ’bay’ (formerly é) and long open e like e in ’cortege’ (formerly è)
• i: like ee as in ’keep’
• ì: like ee in ’keep’ but longer
• o: short closed o like oa in ’boat’, and short open o like o in ’lot’
• ò: long closed o like ’owe’ (formerly ó), and long open o like ’awe’ (formerly ò)
• u: like oo in ’book’
• ù: like oo in ’book’, but longer

Vowel groups

Most groups of two or three vowels are pronounced much as would be expected, that is as separate sounds rapidly following one another. However, often one of the vowels is there simply to indicate whether a consonant is broad or slender, for example, in fearann the a following the e indicates that the r is broad, so that ea is pronounced simply as e (as in ’get’). However, note the following:

• ao: a long sound with no equivalent in English. Try saying Gaelic ù (like oo in ’book’, but longer) without rounding your lips.
• eu: like ia in ’Maria’ or like ay in ’bay’.

Consonants

This is not a complete or exact description of how each consonant or group of consonants are pronounced. However, those that are most unfamiliar to someone used to the English spelling system are given below, with their approximate English value:

• bh: like v at the beginning of words, otherwise like w, or silent (that is not heard at all); for example dubh is pronounced approximately as ’doo’.
• c: like c in ’cat’ or c in ’cue’; when it occurs between two vowels or as the last letter of a word it is preceded by the sound ch in ’loch’
• ch: like ch in ’loch’.
• cn: like cr.
• d slender (that is in contact with one of the slender vowels e, i): like j in ’jam’.
• dh broad (that is in contact with one of the broad vowels a, o, u): the same sound as Gaelic broad gh, almost like French r in ’rire’. When it is not at the beginning of a word it is often pronounced only very lightly or not at all.
• dh slender (that is in contact with one of the slender vowels e, i): the same sound as Gaelic slender gh, like y in ’yet’. When it is not at the beginning of a word it is often pronounced only very lightly or not at all.
• fh: silent, that is not pronounced at all.
• gh broad (that is in contact with one of the broad vowels a, o, u): the same sound as Gaelic broad dh, almost like French r in ’rire’. When it is not at the beginning of a word it is often pronounced only very lightly or not at all.
• gh slender (that is in contact with one of the slender vowels e, i): the same sound as Gaelic slender dh, like y in ’yet’. When it is not at the beginning of a word it is often pronounced only very lightly or not at all.
• l broad (that is in contact with one of the broad vowels a, o, u): like a hollow or dark l, as in ’full’, with the blade (as opposed to the tip) of the tongue touching the teeth.
• l slender (that is in contact with one of the slender vowels e, i): like lli in ’million’ when it is at the beginning of a word; otherwise like ll in ’silly’.
• mh: like v at the beginning of words, otherwise like w, or silent (that is not heard at all). It also makes the vowel before it sound very nasal.
• ph: like f.
• r slender (that is in contact with one of the slender vowels e, i): can be pronounced like r in Scottish English ’tree’, but in several dialects it is pronounced like th in ’the’.
• rd and rt: in many Gaelic dialects this is pronounced with a light sh as in ’she’ between the two consonants.
• s slender (that is in contact with one of the slender vowels e, i): like sh in ’she’.
• t slender (that is in contact with one of the slender vowels e, i): like ch in ’church’.
• th: like h in ’he’ at the beginning of words, otherwise silent.

Some grammar

The following is not a full description of Gaelic grammar. However, in order to use the Elements Index it is important to know a little about these things. A full description can be found in any book for Gaelic learners, sources for which are given in the further information section.

Certain regular changes take place in Gaelic in nouns, adjectives and the definite article, depending on such grammatical features as gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural), and case (nominative, genitive, dative). All Gaelic nouns are either masculine or feminine, and it will become clear that it is important to know what gender a noun belongs to. Some nouns, however, are used in masculine and feminine forms depending on local usage. They are marked nmf in the glossary. The genitive case indicates possession, as indicated in English by ’of the’.

Definite article

‘The’ is the only form of the definite article in English. However, as with most other European languages, Gaelic has several forms, depending on number, gender and case, as well as on the initial letter or letters of the following noun.

Singular

• a’: for example, before a feminine noun in the nominative case beginning with b(h), c(h), g(h), m(h), p(h), as in A’ Bheinn NM8403, A’ Chruach NM9021, A’ Phàirc Loisgte NN4856; or before a masculine noun in the genitive case beginning with b(h), c(h), g(h), m(h), p(h), as in Sròn a’ Bhàird NR7662, ’nose of the poet’, containing the genitive of am bàrd ’the poet’, Allt a’ Choire Dhuibh NN2564, ’burn of the black corrie’, containing the genitive of an coire dubh ’the black corrie’. This form of the definite article always causes lenition (see below).
• am: before a masculine noun in the nominative case beginning with b, f, m, p, as in Am Fasgadh NN0169, Am Meall NR7665.
• an: for example, before a masculine noun in the nominative case beginning with any consonant except b, f, m, p, as in An Cnap NS0146, or before a feminine noun in the nominative case beginning with a vowel or f(h), as in An Àird NG5335, An Fhang NR6552.
• an t‑: for example, before a masculine noun in the nominative beginning with a vowel, as in An t‑Inbhir NN4048; before a masculine noun in the genitive beginning with s + vowel, l, n, or r, as in Cnoc an t‑Sagairt NR8368, ’hill of the priest’, containing the genitive of an sagart ’the priest’, Meall an t‑Sluic NN5152, containing the genitive of an sloc ’the hollow’; or before a feminine noun in the nominative beginning with s + vowel, l, n, or r, as in An t‑Sàil Bheag NG8761, An t‑Sròn NL9342. Note that in all cases following an t‑ the initial s is silent, that is it is not pronounced.
• na: before a feminine noun in the genitive beginning with a consonant, as in Loch na Bèiste NR7654, Port na Cille NR6444.
• na h‑: before a feminine noun in the genitive beginning with a vowel, as in Gob na h‑Àirde Mòire NB0117, containing the genitive of An Àird Mhòr ’the big headland’.

The forms of the definite article with singular nouns can be summarised in this table:

Singular		Initial letter of following noun
		b, m, p	c, g	d, l, n, r, t	f	s	vowel
masculine	nom	am	an	an	am	an	an t‑
	gen	a’	a’	an	an	an t‑	an
feminine	nom	a’	a’	an	an	an	an
	gen	na	na	na	na	t‑ na	na h‑

Plural

• na: before masculine and feminine nouns in the nominative beginning with a consonant, as in Na Cnuic Liatha NC1810, plural of an cnoc liath ’the grey hill’ (cnoc is masculine), Na Croitean NM3721, plural of a’ chroit ’the croft’ (croit is feminine).
• na h‑: before masculine and feminine nouns in the nominative beginning with a vowel, as in Na h‑Easan NC4300, plural of an t‑eas ’the waterfall’ (eas is masculine) or Na h‑Ìnnsean NC2522, plural of an innis (innis is feminine).
• nam: before masculine and feminine nouns in the genitive beginning with b, f, m, p, as in Toll nam Broc NR8082, Creag nam Fitheach NR7876.
• nan: before masculine and feminine nouns in the genitive beginning with any letter except b, f, m, p, as in Druim nan Toll NN7094.

The forms of the definite article with plural nouns can be summarised in this table:

Plural		Initial letter of following noun
		b, f, m, p	other consonants	vowel
Masculine or feminine	nom	na	na	na
	gen	nam	nan	h‑ nan

Lenition

Gaelic is a Celtic language and, as in other Celtic languages such as Irish and Welsh, the consonants at the beginning of words can change according to gender, number and case. In Gaelic this is called lenition, meaning literally ’softening’, and it is usually signalled by putting the letter h after the lenited or softened consonant.

The initial consonants that are affected by lenition by the addition of an h are b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s, t. The consonants l, n, r can also be affected by lenition, but this is not expressed in the spelling.

These are some of the main circumstances in which lenition occurs:

• in a feminine singular noun following the definite article, as in A’ Bheinn NM8403, An Fhang NR6552;
• in an adjective following a feminine singular noun, as in Creag Bhreac NM8400 or Beinn Mhòr NH9928;
• in the genitive of a masculine singular noun following the definite article a’, as in Eilean a’ Bhuic NB5452 (genitive of boc);
• in the adjective qualifying a masculine genitive singular noun, as in Rubha a’ Phuirt Mhòir NR2457 (genitive of port mòr);
• in the genitive singular of masculine personal names, as in Geodha Chaluim MhicMhuirich NA0701 (’the ravine of Calum MacVurich or Malcolm Currie’) or Sgùrr Thormaid NG4422 (’Tormad’s or Norman’s peak’); and
• in a noun following an adjective, regardless of the noun’s gender, as in Glas‑Choire NS1598.

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Glossary

Place names are made up of components which are referred to as elements. These elements are simply the words people used to describe a place or their response to their environment. A more complete background to Scottish Gaelic in place names, pronunciation and spelling can be found preceding Introduction.

This is a glossary of the elements from Scottish Gaelic most frequently found in the place names of Britain. The meaning given is that which occurs in place names. Examples (with grid references) are given for each element. The forms of names given in these examples are as they currently appear on Ordnance Survey maps, which in some cases do not conform to current Gaelic conventions.

There are usually three forms given for each noun: the first form is the basic form, called the nominative singular; the second form is the genitive singular; while the third form is the plural.

Abbreviations
adj = adjective adv = adverb f = feminine g = genitive m = masculine nf = noun feminine	nm = noun masculine nmf = noun sometimes used in masculine and in feminine num = number pl = plural pr = preposition

Element	Meaning	Examples
a’	form of definite article ’the’
abhainn nf aibhne g aibhnichean pl	river	Abhainn a’ Bhàigh NB2502, Abhainn Bheag NC8446
acairseid	alternative form of acarsaid	Acairseid an Rubha NG5600
acarsaid nf acarsaide g acarsaidean pl	anchorage, harbour	Acarsaid an Dùin NM0847, AcarsaidNM5872
ach	shortened form of achadh	Ach nan Con NN1370, Ach a’ Chorrain NC3761
achadh nm achaidh g achaidhean pl	field, agricultural holdingDroma	Achadh nan Each NM5245, Achadh an NM4349
achlais nf achlaise g achlaisean pl	armpit, oxter	Allt na h‑Achlaise NH2982, An Achlais NH2982
agh nm aighe g aighean pl	young cow, heifer	Bad nan Aighean NC1325, Breac nan Aighean NM0448
aibhne, aibhnichean	see abhainn	Port Bun Aibhne NR2068
aifrean nmf aifrinn(e) g	church‑land	Allt an Aifrinn NH4845, Port na h‑Aifrinne NM6980
aighe, aighean	see agh	Rubha nan Aighean NM6962
àil	see àl	Loch an Àil NF7101
àileach adj	airy, windy, breezy	Sròn Àileach NN6715
àilean nm àilein g àilein pl	green, enclosure, meadow	Càrn an Àilean NH8221, Boch‑àilean ND1020
airbhe nf	dividing wall, fence	Sgeirean nan Airbhe NC1548, Allt na h‑Airbhe NH2361
àird nf àirde g àirdean pl	height, promontory	Cruach Àirde NR7363, Rubha na h‑Àirde Bige NC2049
àirigh nf àirighe g àirighean, àirichean pl	shieling	Sean‑Àirigh NC9458, Àirigh a’ Bhealaich NB5358
aiseag nm aiseig g aiseagan pl	ferry	Eilean an Aiseig NF8646, Gob an Aiseig NB2616
aisir nf aisre g aisrean pl	passage, pass, path	Loch Aisir NC1960, Aisir a’ Chaorainn NN1843
aisridh nf	hill, path	Aisridh Màiri Bhàn NN1868, Allt Aisridh NG5721
aiteann nm aitinn g	juniper	Allt an Aitinn NO2082, Caochan Aitinn NJ1310
àl nm àil g	rock, stone	Loch an Àil NF7101
allt nm uillt g uillt pl	burn, stream	Allt a’ Bhacain NJ0330, Bad an Uillt ND2044
alltan nm alltain g alltain pl	small burn, rivulet	Coire Chrion‑alltain NN8495, Alltain Ruadh NG9865
am	form of definite article ’the’
amar nm amair g amaran, amraichean pl	trough, channel, ditch	Allt an Amair NJ1343, Beinn an Amair NC3565
amhach nf amhaiche g amhaichean pl	neck	Loch nan Amhaichean NH4176
a‑muigh adv	outer	Hèisgeir A‑Muigh NL5786
an, an t‑	forms of definite article ’the’
annaid nf annaid(e) g	early or mother‑church, land belonging to such a church	Tòrr na h‑Annaid NM3621
aodann nm aodainn g aodainnean pl	face	Aodann Mhòr NC4069, Aodann Raineach NN0502
aoidh nf aoidhe g aoidhean pl	neck of land, slow moving water	Eilean Aoidhe NR9367, Caisteal Aoidhe NR9071
aoineadh nm aoinidh g	steep brae with rocks, morraine	Fionn Aoineadh NM4026, Aoineadh Beag NM6550
aon, aona num	one, on its own, same	Rubha na h‑Aona Cloich NA9726
aonach nm aonaich g aonaichean pl	steep height, plateau, hill	An Dubh‑aonach NM6474, Aonach Bàn NN7454
arbhar nm arbhair g	corn	Camas an Arbhair NG7381, Cnoc anArbhair ND0556
àrd nmf àird g àrdan pl	non‑standard form of àird	Druim an Àird NC7764, Àrd Caol NB2301
àrd adj	high	Sròn Àrd NB1112, Tom Àrd NB2630
ari	anglicised form of àirigh	Arinagour NM2257, Arinabea NN2931
a‑staigh adv	inner	Hèisgeir A‑Staigh NL5886
àth nm àtha g àthan pl	ford	Eilean an Àtha NM7407, Loch an Àth Ruaidh NB0518
athair nm athar g athraichean pl	father	Caolas Mhic an Athar NR3686
auch, auchen	anglicised forms of achadh	Auchencloy NX0754, Aucheninch NS2514
auchter	anglicised form of uachdar	Auchterarder NN9412, Auchtertyre NJ1858
ault	anglicised form of allt	Ault na Skiah NH6742, Aultbeg NJ2733
bà	see bò	Lochan na Bà Glaise NM7188, Rubha na Bà NC2048
bac nm baca, baic g bacan pl	pit, hollow, bog, peat bank	Am Bac Dubh NH2351, Bràigh Bac NN3088
bacach adj	hilly, rugged	Cnoc Bacach NC4551, Loch Bacach NC4551
bachall nm bachaill g bachallan pl	crozier, staff (of a cleric)	Coire a’ Bhachaill NN0630
bad nm baid g badan pl	tuft, grove, thicket	Bad an Òir NN5186, Càrn Bad an Daimh NH7628
bàgh nm bàigh g bàghan, bàghannan pl	bay	Bàgh a Tuath NB5532, Bàgh a’ Ghlinne NG1898
baic	see bac	Allt Bhaic NN8464
baid	see bad	Allt a’ Bhaid Leathain NC6320
bàigh	see bàgh	Tràigh Bad na Bàighe NC2247
baile nm bailtean pl	farm, hamlet, homestead	Baile na Cille NC0834, Baile Geamhraidh NM6255
bàird	see bàrd	Loch a’ Bhàird NB3001
bal	anglicised form of baile	Balbeg ND1553, Balcairn NJ7828
balla	anglicised form of baile	Ballabeg NJ4103, Ballachulish NN0757
bally	anglicised form of baile	Ballycoach NS3611, Ballygowan NR8197
bàn adj	fair, white, pale, light in colour	Eas Bàn NH0977, Eilean Bàn NF8046
bane	anglicised form of bàn	Craigbane NX6797, Tombane NN9552
bànrigh nf bànrighe g bànrighean pl	queen	Sròn na Bàn‑righ NN8788, Clach na Bàn‑righ NM1858
bàrd nm bàird g bàird pl	bard, poet, dyke, fence, park	Eilean a’ Bhàird NG2704, Loch a’ Bhàird NB3001
barpa nm barpannan pl	(chambered) cairn, heap of stones	Barpa Langass NF8365, Dùn Bharpa NF6701
bàrr nm barra g barran pl	top, summit, height, hill	Am Bàrr NM9728, Allt Bàrr Mhìn NN2532
bàta nm bàtaichean pl	boat, barge	Sloc a’ Bhàta NF7100, Camas a’ Bhàta NG7371
bàthaich (also in f form bàthach, bàthcha) nm bàthaich g bàthaichean pl	byre, cow shed	Bàthaich Fionndag NH9907, Mòine na Bàthaich NB4055
beag adj bhig (f), bige (m) g beaga pl	little	Monadh Beag NN1585, Poll Beag NH8437
bealach nm bealaich g bealaich pl	pass, gorge of a mountain, glen, gap	Am Bealach NC8959, Bealach a’ Chait NM9283
bealaidh nm	broom (plant)	Càrn a’ Bhealaidh NO3293, Creag a’ Bhealaidh NH3439
bean nf mnà, mnatha g mnathan pl	wife, woman	Druim na Mnà NB2332, Bean an Taighe NM6375
beanntan	see beinn
beàrn nf bèirn, beàirn g beàrnan pl	gap, crevice	Tobar Bun na Bèirn NR1653
beathrach, beathraichean	see beithir	Beinn nam Beathrach NM7557
beg	anglicised form of beag	CarnbegNR4167, Corranbeg NM8004
beinn nf beinne g beanntan pl	mountain, peak	Beinn a’ Tuath NB0923, Beinn a’ Ghrianain NC2835
bèirn	see beàrn	Tobar Bun na Bèirn NR1653
bèist nf bèiste g bèistean pl	beast, monster	Cnoc na Bèiste NC5065, Clach na Bèiste NR9061
beithe nf beithe g	birch	Camas Beithe NG8388, Cnoc Beithe NN8626
beithir nm beathrach g beathraichean, beithrichean pl	serpent, wild beast	Sròn a’ Bheathrach NR8266, Cleite na Beathrach NB3013
ben	anglicised form of beinn	Ben TirranNO3674, Ben Stack NC2742
beul nm beòil g beòil pl	mouth, opening	Beul a’ Mhàim NN0674, Beul an Lochain NC9963
beum nm beuma g beuman, beumannan pl	stream, torrent, gap
bh‑	A word starting bh is often a lenited form of a word starting b
bhig	see beag	Lùb Gairt Bhig NN3044
bho dheas adj	southern	Dail bho Dheas NB4861
bho thuath adj	northern	Dail bho Thuath NB4961
biast nf bèiste g biastan pl	alternative form of bèist	Toll nam BiastNG8761, Biastan Thuilm NB4430
bidean nm bidein g bideanan pl	pinnacle, sharp, pointed hill	Am Bidean NG3441, Bidean Dubh NG9520
bige	see beag	Loch Cul Làimhe Bige NB1722
bile nf bilean pl	lip, edge, margin	Beinn na Bile NF9571, Bile Buidhe NJ0711
binnean nm binnein g binnein pl	high conical hill	An Binnean Crom NR3790, Binnein NN3409
biolar nf biolair g	watercress	Biolaire NB4641, Fuaran nam Biolaire NN5139
biorach adj	sharp‑pointed	Rubha Biorach NM7368, Meall Biorach NN0237
bioran nm biorain g biorain pl	stick	Leac nam Bioran NM9472, Bioran Beag NN6922
blair	anglicised form of blàr	Drumblair NX2850, Dalblair NS6419
blàr nm blàir g blàran pl	cleared space	Blàr an Lochain NN2088
bò nm bà g bà pl (bò g pl	cow	Lochan na Bà Glaise NM7188, Rubha na Bà NC2048
boc nm buic g buic pl	buck, he‑goat	Sgeir nam Boc NC0615, Allt a’ Bhuic ND0535
bodach nm bodaich g bodaich pl	old man, spectre	Sloc nam Bodach NR4298, Allt nam Bodach NL6490
bodha nm bodhachan pl	sunken rock in sea, rock over which waves break	Bodha Ruadh NG4475
bogach nm bogaich g bogaichean pl	marsh, bog	Bogach NF7102, Bogach nan Sgadan NF8068
bogha nm boghachan pl	alternative form of bodha	Bogha Beag NG7326, Bogha Crom NM4434
boglach nf boglaich g boglaichean pl	marsh, bog	Boglach nan Tarbh NR4073, Boglach Mhòr NM5623
bonn nm buinn g buinn, bonnan pl	heel, sole, foundation, bottom	Allt Bhuinne NN6348
borrach nm borraich g	rough hill grass	Borrach NS0226
bota nm botaichean pl	river bank, mound	Bot na Gile NB4848, Botan Ruairidh NB3745
both nm botha g bothan pl	cottage, hut	Both Ruadh NB0621, Allt nam Bothan NN3709
bradan nm bradain g bradain pl	salmon	Loch nam Bradan NB3525, Allt Teanga Bradan NG5122
bràigh nm bràighe, bràghad g bràigheachan pl	upper part, upland country	Allt a’ Chas Bràighe NB0021, Allt Bràigh Bac NN3188
bràthair nm bràthar g bràithrean pl (also bràthairean)	brother, rock (especially pairs of rocks)	Leac nam Bràthairean NM7230, Na Bràthairean NL9538
breac adj	speckled, spotted	Caisteal Breac NH5868, Càrn Breac NH0452
breac nm bric g bric pl	trout	Eilean nam Breac NM7091, Loch nam Breac NC6958
breck	anglicised form of breac	Carrabreck HU3680, Clachbreck NR7675
breug nf brèige g breugan pl	lie, falsehood	Rubha na Brèige NC0519
breun adj	foul, stinking, filthy	Breun Loch NH5568, Am Breun Chamas NN1075
bric	see breac	Loch na Bric NR8089
broc nm bruic g bruic pl	badger	Rubha nam Broc NM7769, Sròn nam Broc NJ1805
brochan nm brochain g brochain pl	porridge, gruel	Coille Bhrochain NN9061, Coire Bhrochain NN9599
bròg nf bròige g brògan pl	boot	Stob na Bròige NN1952
bruach nf bruaich g bruaichean pl	bank, brink	Bruach an Fhraoich NC3940, Bruach an Iaruinn NR9023
bruic	see broc	Sròn na Bruic NR9593
bruthach nmf bruthaich g bruthaichean pl	brae, ascent	Ruadh‑bruthach NF6163, Bruthach Breac NR2945
buachaill nm buachaille g buachaillean pl	cow‑herd, shepherd	Tom nam Buachaillean NN0405, Am Buachaille NN7494
buaile nf buailtean pl	cattle‑fold	Buaile Bhuidhe NA9925, Buaile Dhubh NG8790
buic	see boc	Allt a’ Bhuic ND0535, Bàgh Buic NR9170
buidhe adj	yellow	Allt Coire Buidhe NC7144, Buidheanach Burn NN9594
buin	see bun
buinn	see bonn	Allt Bhuinne NN6348
bùirich nmf	roaring, bellowing (especially of deer)	Allt a’ Bhùirich NC2401, Coire Bhùirich NN5671
bùirn	see bùrn
bun nm buin, buna g buin, bunan pl	base, foot, foundation	Bun a’ Ghlinne NB5244, Bun an Uillt NF8219
bùrn nm bùirn g	water, not applied to salt water	Creag Àrd a’ Bhùirn NH5275, Tobar Bhùirn ND2034
bùth nm bùtha g bùthan, bùithean pl	booth, hut, cottage	Camas nam Bùth NC1444, Cnoc nam Bùth NH5674
cabar nm cabair g cabair pl	antler, horn, pole	Glac nan Cabar NH3342, An Cabar NH4466
cabhsair nm cabhsair g cabhsairean pl	causeway	An Cabhsair NH7516, Cabhsair ND1648
cachaileith nf cachaileithe g cachaileithean pl	field gate, hurdle	Cachaileith Liath NN6916, Allt na Cachaileith NN9561
cadha nm cadhan pl	narrow pass, narrow ravine	An Cadha NC2350, Cadha Bàn NH0330
caibeal nm caibeil g caibealan pl	chapel	Cnoc a’ Chaibeil NR8642, Coire a’ Chaibeil NO0447
caigeann nm caiginn g caigeannan pl	rough mountain pass, pair, couple, brace	Caigeann Mòr NR6799
cailleach nf cailliche g cailleachan pl	old woman, rock	Cailleach Croigary NB3525, Cnoc nan Cailleach NN0279
càir	see càr
càirn	see càrn	Lochan Càirn Deirg NN0749
caime nf caimean pl	circle, curve, loop	Coire na Caime NG9157, Loch na Caime NR5383
caipleach nf caiplich g	place of horses	Loch na Caiplich NF9055, Caiplich NH5437
cairidh nf cairidhean pl	weir, fish‑pound	Cnoc na Cairidh NC2232, Eilean na Cairidh NF8363
càise nm càisean pl	cheese	Cnoc a’ Chàise NC1743, Creag Chàise NB1909
caise nf	steepness, stream of water	Loch Caise ND0246, Coire na Caise NM7025
caiseal nm caiseil g caisealan pl	alternative form of caisteal	Tom Chaiseil NN7857, Craigcaiseal NS4499
caisteal nm caisteil g caistealan pl	stone wall, stone fort, castle	Na Caistealan NM6856, Allt a’ Chaisteil NC7257
cait	see cat	Lochan a’ Chait NN3962
cala nm cala g calaidhean pl	alternative form of caladh	Cala na Creige NM9680
caladh nm calaidh g calaidhean pl	harbour, port, shore, ferry, bay	Caladh NH5754, Tom Caladh nam Freum NM9977
calaman	alternative form of calman	Allt nan Calaman NR9734
call nm calla g	the act of dropping, loss, damage	Bad a’ Challa NG7971, Caochan a’ Challa NH5533
calltainn nm calltainn(e) g	hazel	Creag a’ Challtainne NN9347, Sgiath Challtainne NN4108
calman nm calmain g	dove	Meall nan Calman NH2806, Uamh nan Calman NM8029
cam adj	crooked	Allt Cam NB2209, Cam Chreag NN5838
camas nm camais g	channel, bay, harbour	Camas a’ Bhàta NG7371, An Camas Aiseig NN0164
cambus	anglicised form of camas	Cambusbeg NN6605, Cambuscairn NX8585
canach nmf canaich g	cotton grass, bog cotton	Lochan na Canaich NM6855, Càrn na Canaich NH0982
caochan nm caochain g caochanan pl	streamlet	Ruigh Caochan Dubh NN9981, Allt Caochan NG9127
caol adj	narrow	Allt Caol NC5258, Àrd Caol NB2301
caolas nm caolais g caolais pl	narrow, strait	Caolas a Deas NB3609, Caolas an Eilein NA9821
caora nf caorach g caoraich, caoirich pl	sheep	Càrn nan Caorach NH1685, Cnoc nan Caorach NB4441
caorann nf caorainn g	rowan tree, mountain ash	Cnoc nan Caorann NR9296, Creag nan Caorann NN3020
capall nm capaill g capaill pl	horse, mare	Stuchdan Capaill NS0478, Uamh Capaill NS0952
càr nm càir g càraichean pl	alternative form of càthar	Càr Choille NC2408, Càr an Daimh NM6483
carach adj	winding	Cnoc Carach NM6547, Eilean Carach NG7614
càrn nm càirn, cùirn g càirn, cùirn pl	heap of stones	Càrn a’ Mhàim NN9995, Càrn a’ Bhainne NH4436
càrnach nm càrnaich g	stony ground, quarry	Càrnach NH0196, Càrnach Biorach NN2000
carraig nf carraige g carraigean pl	rock, fishing rock, promontory, cliff	Na Carraigean NM1556, Sròn na Carraige NS0077
carrick	anglicised form of carraig	Carrick NR9087, Carrickcorie NX1430
cas adj	steep	Allt Cas Leac NN1445, Càrn Cas nan Gabhar NH5280
cat nm cait g cait pl	cat	Allt a’ Chait ND2146, Creag a’ Chait NH5498
cath nm catha g cathan, cathannan pl	battle	Achadh a’ Chatha NH7704, Fèith a’ Chatha NM8683
cathair nf cathrach g cathraichean pl	seat, bench, fortifiedplace	Cathair Mhic Dhiarmaid NM5169, Càrn na Cathrach NH3326
càthar nm càthair g	mossy soft boggy ground	Càthar an Fhèidh NN4076, Càthar na Seilge NN1768
cathrach, cathraichean	see cathair	Loch na Cathrach Duibhe NG8990
ceann nm cinn g cinn pl	head, headland, point, top	Ceann a’ Bhàigh NG2196, Ceann Buidhe NR9397
ceap nm cip g ceapan, ceapannan pl	block	Ceap Liath NM6625, Allt nan Ceap NH2747
ceapach nmf ceapaich g ceapaich pl	tillage plot	Ceapach NN5813, A’ Cheapach NH1785
cearc nf circe g cearcan pl	hen	Bad na Circe NH7277, Rubha nan Cearc NM3125
cearcall nm cearcaill g cearcaill, cearcallan pl	circle, hoop	An Cearcall NL5987, Cearcall Dubh NG8541
ceàrd nm ceàird g ceàrdan pl	craftsman, smith	Bruach nan Ceàrd NR7786, Cnoc nan Ceàrd NH4031
ceàrdach nf ceàrdaich g ceàrdaichean pl	smithy, forge	Càrn na Ceàrdaich NC3809, Coille na Ceàrdaich NH3629
ceathach nm ceathaich g ceathaich pl	mist	Coire Cheathaich ND0329, Allt Cheathaich NN4034
ceathramh nm ceathraimh g ceathramhan pl	quarter	Cnoc a’ Cheathraimh NC7608, Meall a’ Cheathraimh NN5779
ch‑	A word starting ch is often a lenited form of a word starting c
cìche	see cìoch	Allt na Cìche NH1216
cill nf cille g cillean, cilltean pl	church, burial place	Cille Maire NG5517, Cnoc na Cille NG1951
cinn	see ceann	Sgeir Mhaola Cinn NR8772
cìoch nf cìche g cìochan pl	nipple, pap	Cìoch Mhòr NH4486, Coire na Cìche NH4784
cip	see ceap
circe	see cearc	Bealach Coire na Circe NG4427
cìrean nm cìrein g cìreanan pl	comb, honey‑comb, sheep	Cìrean Geardail NC0034, An Cìrean NC0333
ciste nf	grave, chest	Ciste Mearad NJ0104, Ciste Dhubh NH0616
clach nf cloiche g clachan pl	stone	Clach na Sròine NC2533, Clach an Rìgh NC6839
clachan nm clachain g	village	Clachan Àrd NB2246, Clachan a’ Ghobha NB5141
cladach nm cladaich g cladaichean pl	shore, beach, coast	Cladach a’ Ghlinne NG5116, Cladach Mòr NF7173
claddach	anglicised form of cladach	Garry‑claddach NF8161, Claddach NR1653
cladh nm claidh, cladha g cladhan pl	burial‑ground, mound, dyke	Cladh nan Sasunnach NH0066, Cladh Mhicheil NB5447
claidheamh nm claidheimh g claidhnean pl	sword	Sgùrr a’ Chlaidheimh NG9503, Beinn a’ Chlaidheimh NH0577
claigeann nm claiginn g claignean pl	skull, head	Claigeann Mòr NF0899
claigionn	non‑standard form of claigeann	An Claigionn NH5278, Claigionn na Sròine NN1281
clàir	see clàr	Loch a’ Chlàir NL9844
clais nf claise g claisean pl	narrow valley or hollow, ditch	Clais Daimh NN8974, Clais Odhar NO0374
clamhan nm clamhain g clamhain pl	buzzard, kite	Creag a’ Chlamhain NH3294, Bad a’ Chlamhain ND1849
claon adj	sloping, awry	Claonairigh NN0504, Claon Leitir NH1100
clàr nm clàir g clàran pl	flat stretch of ground, any smooth surface	Clàr Beag NB1115, Doire nan Clàr NH2905
clèireach nm clèirich g clèirich pl	cleric	Allt a’ Chlèirich NH0022, Cruach ClèirichNR9097
cleit, cleite nf cleite g cleitean, cleiteachan pl	rock, cliff	Cleit Ruadh ND1730, Cleite Loisgte NF9876
cloiche	see clach	Fas na Cloiche NN0248
cluain nf cluaine g cluaintean, cluainean pl	meadow, lawn	Allt Cluain‑àirighe NG7505, Na Cluainean NN1988
cnàmh nm cnàimh g cnàmhan pl	bone	Coire nan Cnàmh NG9705, Loch nan Cnàmh NB4027
cnap nm cnaip g cnapan pl	hillock, lump, little hill	An Cnap NG7526, Cnapan Garbh NN9886
cnoc nm cnuic g cnuic pl	round hill, hillock, knoll	Cnoc an Tairbh NB5348, Cnoc Drochaid NM6892
còig num	five	Innean Còig Cailleichean NR5912
coileach nm coilich g coilich pl	cock	Cnoc nan Coileach NR6999, An Coileach NG0892
coille nf coilltean pl	wood, forest, grove	Coille NR2468, Sròn Dà Choille NN2435
coin	see cù	Allt Toll a’ Choin NH1443
coinean nm coinein g coineanan pl	rabbiti	Loch nan Coinean NC6746, Eilean nan Coinean NR7796
còinneach nf còinnich g	moss	Còinneach Mhòr NG9460
coirce nm	oats	Druim a’ Choirce NM4788, Achadh a’ Choirce NC6805
coire nm coireachan pl	corrie, hollow on the side of a hill or between hills (literally ’cauldron’)	Coire Glas NR9047, Allt Choire Odhair NJ0526
còis	see còs	Allt a’ Chòis NG7838
comar nm comair g comaran pl	confluence of streams	Abhainn a’ Chomair NH1557, Allt a’ Chomair NH2157
con	see cù	Coire nan Con NH4386, Meall nan Con NC5829
conasg nm conaisg g	gorse	An Conasg NH4579, Cnoc a’ Chonaisg NH3856
conasgach adj	covered in gorse	Creagan Conasgach NR9672, Bealach Conasgach NN5402
còrr nm	horn, corner, end	Còrr Bhàn NR6010, Còrr Bheinn NM9708
corr, corra adj	pointed	Corra‑Bheinn NM5732
corra nf	heron, crane	Rubha nan Corra NM7468, Sgeir Poll nan Corra NM7107
corrach adj	steep, eminent, lofty	Corrach Bheinn NM9321, Caisteal Corrach NN6412
corran nm corrain g corrain pl	sickle, headland	An Corran NH5972, Corran Bàn NF7010
còs nm còis g còsan pl	nook	Eas a’ Chòis NN1436, Sgòrr a’ Chòise NN0855
crainn	see crann	Àird a’ Chrainn NM4118
craisg	see crasg	Beinn a’ Chraisg NC2359
crann nm crainn, croinn g crainn, croinn pl	tree, mast, plough	Creag a’ Chroinn NL6597, Sloc a’ Chroinn NR4098
crannag nf crannaig g crannagan pl	artificial island	Eas a’ Chrannaig NS0225, Crannag NF7004
craobh nf craoibhe g craobhan pl	tree	Leac nan Craobh NG5720, Bac na Craoibhe NJ1013
craobhach adj	covered in wood	Creag Chraobhach NC6227
crasg nf craisg g crasgan pl	crossing	An Crasg NH0890, Cnoc na Craisg NH6156
creachann nm creachainn g creachannan pl	bare, wind‑swept summit	Sgeir nan Creachann NF8854
creag nf creige g creagan pl	crag, rock, cliff	Creag Chàise NB1909, Coire na Creige NC1721
creagach adj	rocky	Toll Creagach NH1513, Cnoc Creagach NH4460
creamh nm creamha g	wild garlic, gentian, leek	Allt Creamha NN4737, Creag Creamha NR7935
creige	see creag	Carn na Creige NG8832
crìoch nf crìche g crìochan pl	boundary	Creag na Crìche NC9151, Allt na Crìche NC9150
critheann nm crithinn g	aspen tree	Allt Crithinn NC7522, Lùb Craobh Crithinn NN3947
crò nm crotha, crothadh g cròitean pl	sheep pen, fold, circle	Camas na Cròtha NB0320, Cnoc na Cròtha NB3529
cròcach adj	branched, antlered	Allt Cròcach NH5388, Loch Cròcach NC6459
crodh nm cruidh g	cattle	Meall a’ Chruidh NB0117, Port a’ Chruidh NR9258
croich nf croiche g croichean pl	gallows	Rubha na Croiche NN0062, Càrn na Croiche NH6572
croinn	see crann	Rubha Croinn NM7838
crois nf croise g croisean pl	cross	An Crois‑eilean NF7964, Allt na Croise NM9679
croit nf croite g croitean pl	croft, hump	Càrn na Croite NH8431, Croit Darach NR5370
cròitean	see crò
crom adj	crooked	Crom Allt NC2406, Crom Leitir NJ2610
crotha, crothadh	see crò	Allt Gleann Crotha NN5020
cruach nf cruaiche g cruachan pl	heap, stack, bold hill	Cruach NN3316, Cruach a’ Chaise NS1891
crùbach nm crùbaich g	lame man	Cnoc a’ Chrùbaich Mhòir NC8716
cruidh	see crodh	Meall Cruidh NN1241
crùn nm crùin g crùintean pl	crown	Cnoc Crùn na Maoil NR4148, Crùn a’ Bhràghad NG2856
cù nm coin g coin, con (g) pl	dog	Coire nan Con NH4386, Meall nan Con NC5829
cuach nf cuaich g cuachan pl	hollow of a hill, cockle	Allt a’ Chuaich NJ1033, Meall Chuaich NN7187
cuan nm cuain g cuantan pl	sea, ocean, large lake	Cuan Mòr NM4157, Sgeir a’ Chuain NG2158
cuidhe nf cuidhe g	fold, pen, enclosure	Cuidhe Chrom NN4324, Lochan na Cuidhe NH2831
cùil nf cùile g cùiltean pl	nook, corner, niche	Cùil a’ Mhadaidh ND0448, Cùil a’ Mhuic NM8091
cùil	see cùl	Rubha Cùil NM7308
cuilc nf cuilce g cuilcean pl	reed	Glac nan Cuilc NG8090, Leac na Cuilce NG7977
cuileann nm cuilinn g	holly	Torran Cuilinn NH0155, Rubha Cuilinn NM9105
cùiltean	see cùl and cùil	Na Cùiltean NR5464
cuing nf cuinge g cuingean pl	narrow strait	Creag na Cuinge ND0819, Cuing‑sgeir NR3968
cùirn see	càrn	Cùirn Dearga NH0091
cuithe nf cuitheachan pl	pit, narrow glen, deep moist place, patch of snow	Cuithe Lachlainn NF7974, Loch na Cuith Moire NF7323
cùl nm cùil g cùiltean pl	back	Port Cùl a’ Mhill NM3924, Spot a’ Chùil ND0526
cumha(i)ng nm cumhaing g	narrow place, defile	Cumhang a’ Ghlinne NG8640, Allt a’ Chumhaing NG8039
cumhang adj	narrow	Allt Cumhang NN3533, Bealach Cumhang NG5045
cumhann adj	alternative form of cumhang	Feadan Cumhann NM6523, Rubha Cumhann NM7068
cumhann nm cumhainn g	alternative form of cumha(i)ng	Allt a’ Chumhainn NN1962, Loch a’ Chumhainn NM4152
curach nf curaich g curaichean pl	marsh, fen, bog	Gleann Curachain NH4308, Port na Curaich NM2621
dà num	two	Meall Dà Chloich NN7962
dabhach nf dabhaich g dabhcha, dabhaichean pl	vat, large tub; land division, davoch (ancient Scottish land measurement)	Loch an DabhaichNN7296, Cnoc Dabhaich NC0723
dail nf dalach g dailean pl	haugh, level field by a river	Dail an Eais NM9964, Dail an Òir NN1625
dal	anglicised form of dail	Dal MoreNH6568, Dalbreck NC7415
damh nm daimh g daimh pl	ox, stag	Creag an Daimh NC9058, Dùn Daimh NN4863
daoine	see duine	Lochan nan Daoine NM4443
darach nm daraich g	oak	Tòrr an Daraich NN0376, Coire Daraich NG4529
darroch	anglicised form of darach	Knockdarroch NN9655, Tordarroch NH6733
dearcag nf dearcaig g dearcagan pl	berry	Tòrr nan Dearcag ND0856, Allt Dearcaige NJ1113
dearg adj	red	Allt Dearg NH6580, Bealach Dearg NH2243
deas adj	south	Croic a Deas NF7129, Gleann Deas NR2169
derry	anglicised form of doire	Glen Derry NO0396, Loch Derry NX2573
dh‑	A word starting dh is often a lenited form of a word starting d
dìg nf dìge g dìgean pl	ditch, wall of loose stones	Allt na Dìge Moire NC3144, Dìg Ghorm NR8764
dìollaid nf dìollaide g dìollaidean pl	saddle	An Dìollaid NO0797, Bealach na Dìollaide NS2297
dìseart nm	hermit’s retreat	Port an Dìseart NM2924, Cladh an Dìseart NM2824
dìthreabh nf dìthreibh g dìthreabhan pl	wilderness, the less cultivated parts of a district	Loch Dìthreabh na Cuileige NG7741
dòbhran nm dòbhrain g dòbhrain pl	otter	Cnap an Dòbhrain NJ0806, Tòrr an Dòbhrain NR3343
doire nmf doirean, doireachan pl	grove, thicket	Sròn Doire NR8378, Toll Doire NM5641
dòirlinn nf dòirlinne g dòirlinnean pl	isthmus, peninsula, stony part of the shore	An Dòirlinn NF7317, Tòrr na Dòirlinne NM6058
domhain	alternative form of domhainn	Camas Domhain NG8307, Gleann Domhain NM8610
domhainn adj	deep, hollow	Allt Domhainn NH6180, Chlais Domhainn NC1860
donn adj	brown	Lochan Donn NM7188, Maol Donn NM7431
dorch adj	dark, black, dusky, mysterious	Rèidh Dorch NJ1715, Glendorch NS8718
dorcha	alternative form of dorch	Ruigh Dorcha NN9273, Slochd Dorcha NM4771
dòrn nm dùirn g dùirn pl	fist, fist‑sized pebble	Dùn Dùirn NR6907, Uamh Gill’an Dùirn NM6901
drim	anglicised form of druim	Drimbuie NN0322, Drimlee NN1416
dris nf drise g drisean pl	bramble	Allt Doire na Drise NM6283, Beinn na Drise NM4742
driseach adj	covered in brambles	Rubha Driseach NR9896, Torran Driseach NM5652
drochaid nf drochaide g drochaidean pl	bridge	Càrn na Drochaide NO1293, Drochaid a’ Chadha NG8640
droigheann nm droighinn g	bramble, blackthorn	Port nan Droigheann NM4419, Lagan Droigheann NR7148
droma, dromannan	see druim	Sròn an Droma NM7600
druid nm druidean pl	starling	Tòrr nan Druidean NM9779, Cnoc Druidean NM2723
druim nm droma g dromannan pl	ridge	Ploc an Droma NG8186
drum	anglicised form of druim	Drumbain NJ2749, Drumbeg NC1232
dubh adj	black	Poll Dubh NH4061, Rubha Dubh NC8068
duine nm duine g daoine pl	man, person, people	Leac an Duine NN1106, Sloc nan Daoine NF8315
dùirn	see dòrn	Dùn Dùirn NR6907, Uamh Gill’an Dùirn NM6901
dùn nm dùin g dùin pl	fortress, castle, heap	An Dùn NC8566, Dùn a’ Bhealaich NR7376
each nm eich g eich pl	horse	Mòine nan Each NN5013, Rubha nan Each NB0320
eadar pr	between	Cnoc Eadar Dà Bheinn NB1402, Ùidh Eadar Dà Loch NC2749
eag nf eige g eagan pl	notch, gap	Druim na h‑Eige NB4257, Sgùrr na h‑Eige NH0527
eagach adj	jagged	Aonach Eagach NN1558
eaglais nf eaglaise g eaglaisean pl	church	Allt na h‑Eaglaise NC8659, Beinn na h‑Eaglaise NG9052
eala nf eala, ealaidh g ealachan pl	swan	Loch nan Ealachan NC6751
ear adj	east	Tràigh Ear NF8276, Cathadail an Ear NB0910
earb nf earba g earbaichean pl	roe	Lòn nan Earb NG4168, Rubha na h‑Earba NM9155
earrann nf earrainn g earrannan pl	share, portion, section of land	Cnoc nan Earrannan NR5164, Dubh Earrainn NR7458
eas nm easa g easan pl	waterfall, cataract	Allt an Eas Mhòir NO1599, Eas a’ Bhàinne NH2703
easg nmf easga g easgan pl	marsh, swamp, ditch formed by nature	An t‑Easg Leathain NN8069
eich	see each	Allt an Eich Dhuibh NH4112
eidheann nf eidhne g	ivy	Creag na h‑Eidhne NM5539, Badan Eidhne NM9114
eige	see eag	Bealach na h‑Eige NH1327
èilde, èildean	see eilid
eileach nm eilich g eilichean pl	stony place, mill lade, mill dam, mound, islet	Eileach an Naoimh NM6309, An t‑Eileach NN6496
èileag nf èileige g èileagan pl	deer‑trap	Loch Èileag NC3006, Allt Èileag NC3007
eilean nm eilein g eileanan pl	island	Eilean a’ Bhàta NG8034, Eilean a’ Chait NG8034
eilich, eilichean	see eileach	Loch an Eilich NG9991
eilid nf èilde g èildean pl	hind, female of the red deer	Beinn Èilde NN5685, Camas na h‑Èilde NM7084
eldrick, eldrig	anglicised forms of èileag	Black Eldrick NX7354, High Eldrig NX2569
ellan	anglicised form of eilean	Ellanmore ND2337, Ellangowan NX9874
elrick	anglicised form of èileag	Little Elrick NJ9244, Drumelrick Hill NJ5518
eòin	see eun	Loch an Eòin NC7014
eòrna nm	barley	Eilean an Eòrna NC4401, Aonan an Eòrna NR3776
eun nm eòin g eòin pl	bird, fowl	Loch nan Eun NC9254, Coire nan Eun NH2047
fada adj	long	Allt Fada NC7551, Bogha Fada NM2154
fadhail nf fadhail, fadhlach g fadhlaichean pl	extensive beach, tidal ford	Fadhail Losgaintir NG0698, Fadhail Sheileboist NG0697
faing nf fainge g faingean pl	sheep pen, fank	Tom na Faing NB4248, Tràigh na Fainge NB4636
faire nf fairean pl	watch, lookout	Beinn na Faire NR6017, Allt na Faire NH3489
fàl nm fàil g fàil pl	hedge, fence, fold	Sgeir Fàil NB1137, Allt Àirigh Fàil NB2225
fàil	see fàl
fang nf	alternative form of faing	Fang Bhuidhe NN2142, Fang nan Each NG1553
faodhail nf faodhalach g faodhalaichean pl	alternative form of fadhail	Faodhail Dhubh NM6471, Allt na Faodhalach NS1493
faoileag nf faoileige g faoileagan pl	sea gull	Eilean na Faoileige NH2903, Loch na Faoileige NC2119
faoileann nf faoilinn g faoileannan pl	alternative form of faoileag	Loch na Faoilinn NF8051, Port na Faoilinn NM7430
fas nm	non‑standard form of fasadh	Fas na Cloiche NN0248
fàsach nmf fàsaich g fàsaichean pl	wilderness, mountain, hill edge, border	Fàsach NG1849, Rubha nam Fàsaichean NM7290
fasadh nm fasaidh g	stance, station, level spot	Fasadh an Fhamhair NM7870
fasgadh nm fasgaidh g fasgadhean pl	shelter, fold, pen‑fold for cattle	Am Fasgadh NN0169, Tigh Fasgaidh NG8727
feadag nf feadaige g feadagan pl	flute, whistle, plover	Bàgh nam Feadag NF8757, Cnoc na Feadaige ND0769
feadan nm feadain g feadanan pl	reed, canal, opening, streamlet	Allt Feadain Bhàin NN2054, Bealach an Fheadain NG8132
feannag nf feannaige g feannag pl	crow, lazy bed	Rubha nam Feannag NM4199, Druim nam Feannag NH2997
fear nm fir g fir pl	man	Blàr nam Fear Mòra NC1425, Fear an Fhèilidh NM6020
fearann nm fearainn g	land, estate, farm, earth	Fearann Làimhrige NM4196, Fearann‑Coille NS1674
feàrna nf	alder tree	Rubha Feàrna NM9977, Allt Feàrna NC7532
fèidh	see fiadh	Eilean Ceann Fèidh NM7284
fèith nf fèithe g fèithichean pl	bog, underground stream, bog channel	Allt na Fèithe Baine NH0759, Bealach na Fèithe NC3741
feòir	see feur	Eilean Feòir NM5338
fern	anglicised form offeàrna	Ardfern NM8004, Bogfern NJ7758, Drimfern NN0814
feur nm feòir g	grass, hay	Sgeir an Fheòir NG8037, Creag an Fheòir NH2411
feusag nf feusaig g feusagan pl	beard	Creag Feusag NH2133, Glac na Feusaige NN1339
fh‑	A word starting fh is often a lenited form of a word starting f
fiacail nf fiacla g fiaclan pl	tooth	Càrn nam Fiaclan NH1245, Fiaclan Garbha NN2494
fiaclach adj	serrated, tooth‑shaped	Àth Fiaclach NM8316, Druim Fiaclach NM8078
fiadh nm fèidh g fèidh pl	deer	Eilean an Fhèidh NH0596, Creag an Fhèidh NN3218
fin	anglicised form of fionn	Fincraigs NO3622, Fingask NO3918
fiodhag nf fiodhaige g fiodhagan pl	bird‑cherry, wild fig	Allt nam Fiodhag NH3223, Loch nam Fiodhag NH3123
fionn adj	white, fair, blessed, holy	Craigfionn NX4593, Fionn Phort NM7533
fir	see fear	Fir Bhreugach NG4470
fireach nm firich g firichean pl	high barren ground, mountain, moor	Fireach na Mòine NN2326, Am Fireach NH0978
fitheach nm fithich g fithich pl	raven	Creag an Fhithich NC2553, Cnoc an Fhithich NC9758
fliuch adj	wet	Fliuch Choire NH2372, Eas Fliuch Leirg NN2830
fo dheas adj	non‑standard form of bho dheas	Cas fo Dheas NF8231
fo thuath adj	non‑standard form of bho thuath	Tràigh Baile fo Thuath NF9087
fraoch nm fraoich g	heather	Àird an Fhraoich NF7270, Coire an Fhraoich NH0474
frith adj	small	An Fhrith Aìrd NG8303
frìth nf frìthe g frìthean pl	deer forest, heath, moor	Abhainn na Frìthe NC8327, Srath na Frìthe NC8327
fuar adj	cold, chilly	Fuar Achadh NR9148, Allt Fuar NJ1420
fuaran nm fuarain g fuarain, fuaranan pl	well spring, green spot	Fuaran Mòr NC4640, Cnoc Fuarain ND1134
gabhar nf gabhair g gaibhre pl	alternative form of gobhar	Stob Gaibhre NN0646, Eilean nan Gabhar NM6157
gaimhne	see gamhainn	Allt Fèith nan Gaimhne NH2159
gaineamhach adj	sandy	Meall Gaineamhach NG6949, Lochan Gaineamhach NH0945
gainneamh, gainmheach nf gainneimh, gainmhich g	sand, gravel, sea‑shore	Gaineamh Mhòr NG8075, Loch na Gaineimh NC7630
gairt	see gart
Gall nm goill g goill pl	foreigner, lowlander, stone	Clach nan Gall NH7282, Rubha nan Gall NB4738
gamhainn nf gaimhne, gamhna g gaimhne, gamhna pl	stirk (a nickname for a resident of the Isle of Gigha)	Loch nan Gamhna NC6458, Fèith Gamhna ND0157
gaoth nf gaoithe g gaothan pl	wind	Bealach Gaoithe NH2456, Creag na Gaoithe NH1241
gaothach adj	windy	Cnoc Gaothach NR8495, Bealach Gaothach NM9033
gàradh	non‑standard form of gàrradh	Allt a’ Gàraidh NG1747, Rubha Gàraidh NH3100
garbh adj	rough, coarse	Allt Garbh NC2759, Garbh Choire NC3019
gàrradh nm gàrradh g gàrraidhean pl	den, dyke, enclosure	An Gàrradh NM6020, Cnap nan Gàrradh NN3412
gart nm gairt g	field, enclosed corn‑land	Sean‑Ghairt NR3867, Lùb Gairt Bhig NN3044
gead nf gid g geadan pl	rig, narrow strip of land, lazy‑bed	Gead a’ Bhodaich NM6556, Gead Dhubh NG8284
gèadh nmf geòidh g geòidh pl	goose	Loch nan Geòidh NR1852, Creagan Geòidh NN1327
geal adj ghil g	white, clear	An Dùn Geal NN7447, Gleann Geal NM7250
geàrr adj	short	Geàrr Aonach NN1555
geàrraidh nm geàrraidhean pl	land around a township, enclosure	Geàrraidh a Deas NB4748, Geàrraidh Amadal NB4657
geata nm geataichean, geatachan pl	gate	Geata Gleann Goibhre NH4347, Geata Dearg NN6995
geo	anglicised form of geodha	Geo Bhàta NF7345
geodha nm geodhachan, geodhaichean pl	chasm, ravine	Geodha an Fhaing NF7274, Geodha Bàn NC3871
geòidh	see gèadh	Loch Geòidh NM9503
gh‑	A word starting gh is often a lenited form of a word starting g
ghil adj	see geal	Loch an Easa Ghil NB2025, Allt Lòin Ghil ND1035
ghlais adj	see glas	Allt a’ Choire Ghlais NN5265, Coire an Eich Ghlais NH1278
gid	see gead
gil nf gile g gilean pl	ravine, water course	Gil Ha‑cleit NG0287, Gil Dhubh NG1294
gille nm gillean pl	boy, lad	Loch nan Gillean NH6892, Coire nan Gillean NH5977
giubhas nm	alternative form of giuthas	Sròn nan Giubhas NN2446, Rubha Giubhais NH1099
giuthas nm giuthais g	fir	Lòn Giuthas nan Leac NH4889
glac nf glaic(e) g glacan pl	hollow, small valley	Glac Bhàn NH0197, Glac Chrom NR8066
glack	anglicised form of glac	Glackmore NH6051, Glackmuick NJ3642
glaise adj	see glas	Allt Creige Glaise NS0885, Lochan na Bà Glaise NM7188
glas adj ghlais (m) glaise (f) g	grey, green	Coire Glas NC6927, Dùn Glas ND0617
gleann nm glinn g glinn, gleanntan pl	narrow valley, dale, glen	An Gleann NM7106, Allt a’ Ghlinne NH5390
glen	anglicised form of gleann	Inverglen NN0901, Glen Albyn NH6138
glinn	see gleann	Mullach a’ Ghlinne NH3601
glumag nf glumaig g glumagan pl	puddle, deep hole or pool	Allt na Glaic Glumag NG7023
gob nm guib g guib pl	point, beak	Gob na Hoe NG1954, Gob an Tùir NG8827
gobha nm gobhann, gobhainn g goibhnean pl	blacksmith	Uamh nan Goibhnean NR2742, Maol Baile a’ Ghobhain NG7978
gobhar nmf gobhair, goibhre g gobhair, goibhrean pl	goat	Allt na Goibhre NH1473, Meall nan Gobhar NC1903
gòbhlach adj	forked	Cadha Gòbhlach NH0682, Lochan Gòbhlach NH4274
goibhnean	see gobha
goibhre, goibhrean	see gobhar	Sròn na Goibhre NH1372
Goill	see Gall	Biod a’ Ghoill NG2759
goirtean nm goirtein g goirteanan pl	field, arable enclosure, arable land, park	Loch nan Goirtean NB2444, Goirtean Bàn NR3460
gorm adj	green, blue, azure	Poll Gorm NB3221, Coire Gorm NC3628
gowan	anglicised form of gobha	Tirrygowan NJ6711, Balnagowan NJ5100, Ardgowan NS2073
gower	anglicised form of gobhar	Auchengower NS2184, Bargower NS4732
grànda adj	ugly, nasty, grim	Camas Grànda NG7270, Allt Grànda NH1170
grian nf grèine g grianan pl	sun	Allt na Grèine NH4295, Rubha na Grèine NB5633
grianan nm grianain g	sunny hillock	Rubha Grianain NR7486, Eilean Grianain NR8142
gualann nf gualainn, guailne g guailnean, guaillean pl	shoulder of a hill, elbow, corner	Gualann nan Càrn NR7169, A’ Ghualann NC8367
guib	see gob	Loch a’ Ghuib Àird NC1823
gun pr	without	Loch gun Tòin NH5350, Aodann gun Nighe NM4335
iar adj	west, westerly	Tràigh Iar NG0396, Ceann Iar NF6162
iasgair nm iasgair g iasgairean pl	fisherman	An t‑Iasgair NG3574, Loch an Iasgair NF7430
ìghne	see nighean
imir nm imire g imirean pl	rig, ridge of land	Imir Crom NN2433, Imir Fada NC2922
imrich nf imriche g imrichean pl	removal, flitting	Guala na h‑Imrich NF7969, Bealach na h‑Imrich NC3650
inbhir nm inbhirean pl	place of meeting of rivers, confluence	An t‑Inbhir NN4048, Meall InbhirNN0736
inch	anglicised form of innis	Inchmore NH3940, Inchnacaorach NH8449
inghinn	see nighean	Fuaran na h‑Inghinn NN7454, Loch na h‑Inghinn NB3524
innean nm innein g inneanan pl	anvil, anvil‑shaped hill	An t‑Innean Mòr NN1856, Achlais an Innein NM9164
innis nf ìnnse g ìnnsean, ìnnseachan pl	island, meadow, resting place for cattle	Innisdaimh NN4635, Cnoc na h‑Ìnnse NC9847
inver	anglicised form of inbhir	Inverfyne NN1912, Inverlochy NJ1324
ìobairt nf ìobairte g ìobairtean pl	offering, church‑land, sacrifice	Clach na h‑Ìobairt NN8765, Tom na h‑Ìobairt NN8865
ìochdar nm ìochdair g ìochdaran pl	lower part	Druim Ìochdair NN5812, Creag Ìochdair NN7328
iola nf iolachan pl	fishing rock, fishing bank, fishing station	Bàrr Iola NR9382, An Iola NN0048
iolair(e) nmf iolaire g iolairean pl	eagle	Tom na h‑Iolaire NC9221, Creag na h‑Iolaire NC7846
iomair nm iomaire g iomairean pl	alternative form of imir	Lùib Iomaire Mhòir NN0705, Allt nan Iomairean NM5950
ìosal adj	low	Tom Ìosal NB2629, Cnoc Dubh Ìosal NB3223
iubhar nm iubhair g iubharan pl	yew	Leac an Iubhair NM9971, Meall an Iubhair NS2094
ken, kin	anglicised form of ceann	Kenknock NN4636
kil	anglicised form of cill	Kilmany NO3821, Kilbride NR8362
kil	anglicised form of coille
kil	anglicised form of ceann	Kilmux NO3604
killie	anglicised form of coille	Killiecrankie NN9162
kin	anglicised form of ceann	Kincraig NH8205, Kinlochmoidart NM7172
knab	anglicised form of cnap	The Knab HU4840, Horse of the Knab HU4840
knock	anglicised form of cnoc	Knock Dhu NH8380, Knock Fell NX2555
kyles	anglicised form of caolas	Kylesmore NM6674, Claddach‑kyles NF7666
labhar adj	loud	Alltan Labhar NG8157, Easan Labhar NM5341
lach nf lacha g lachan pl	wild duck
ladhar nm ladhair, ladhra g ladhran pl	paw, hoof	Ladhar Bheinn NG8203
lag nmf laig, luig g lagan pl	hollow, pit, cave	Lag a’ Bhàinne NM9706, Lag a’ ChoireNM4664
laimrig, làimhrig nf laimrige g laimrigean pl	natural landing‑place, quay, harbour	Rubha Làimhrige NR5366, Sròn Làimhrige NM4787
lainn	see lann
làir, làire nf làiridh, làire(adh), làrach g làiridhean pl	mare	Coire na Làire NM9066, Lag na Làire NG2394
làirig nf làirigean pl	moor, hill, sloping hill, pass	Lochan Làirig NN8041, Lochan na Làirige NN5939
lann nf lainn g lannan pl	enclosure, land	Lann Bhreac NN6359, Lann Mhòr NN5292
laogh nm laoigh g laoigh, laoghan pl	calf	Beul an Laoigh NG9936, Càrn Allt Laoigh NH9231
làrach nf làraich g làraichean pl	site of a building, ruin	Glac na Làraiche NN0166, Lag na Làraich NB3143
làrach	see làir	Loch na Làrach NG7243
leaba, leabaidh nf leapa g leapannan pl	bed, lair, channel of a river	Leabaidh Fhèidh NC3002, Leabaidh a’ Mhinisteir NB4929
leac nf lic, lice g leacan pl	ledge of a rock, flat stone, slab	Leac a’ Bhàinne NM9078, Coire na Lice NN8357
leacach nf leacaich g leacaichean pl	bare summit, stony side of a hill	Leacach NC3165, Leacach Bhreac NR9025
leacach adj	stony	Lochan Leacach NC6857, Coire LeacachNC5352
leamhan nm leamhain g leamhan pl	elm	Loch na Leamhain NB2434, BeinnLeamhain NM9562
lèana nf lèanan g lèanachan pl	swampy plain, meadow, field of green	Lèana an Fheòir NG0689, Lèana Bhàn NB4956
lèanag nf lèanaig g lèanagan pl	wet plain or lea	Lèanag Mòr a’ Bhàird ND0753
leapa, leapannan	see leaba
learg nf leirg g leargan pl	plain, hillside	Learg an Lochain NN4015, Loch na Leirg NG8890
leathad nm leathaid, leothaid g leathaidean, leòidean pl	side of a hill, slope	Leathad a’ Ghlinne NF0899, Leathad an Droma NB2638
leathan(n) adj	broad	Loch Leathann NB3816, Leathan Dhail NN6510
leck	anglicised form of leac	AuchinleckNS5521, Achleck NM4145
lèig nf lèige g lèigean pl	marshy or miry pool, shallow stream	Druim na Lèige NB2126, Druim Lèig a’ Bhainne NB2339
lèim	see leum	Rubha na Lèim NM8246
leirg	see learg	Loch na Leirg NG8890
lèith, lèithe	see liath	Allt na Doire Lèithe NG8991
leitir nf leitire, leitreach g leitirean, leitrichean pl	slope, side of a hill	Dubh Leitir NC1734, Garbh Leitir NM7000
lèoidean	see leathad
leothaid	see leathad	Fèith an Leothaid NH0358
leth nm	half; with one steep side (as in Leth‑Allt ’burn with one steep side’)	Leth‑Sgeir NR7389, Leth‑Allt NH2299
letter	anglicised form of leitir	Duiletter NN1530, Gairletter NS1884
leum nm lèim g leuman pl	leap	Leum an Fhèidh NC0801, Leum Chaimbeulaich NS2094
lianag	non‑standard form of lèanag	Lianag Mhòr NC2106, Lianag na h‑Àtha NG7574
liath adj lèith(e) g	grey, blue	Loch Liath NH3319, Allt na Doire Lèithe NG8991
lic, lice	see leac	Coire na Lice NN8357
lìn	see lìon
linn, linne nf linne g linneachan, linntean pl	pool, pond, lake, mill‑dam, channel	Loch na Linne NB3330, Allt na Linne NN0967
lìon nm lìn g lìontan pl	flax	Eilean nan Lìon NF9270, Cnoc nan Lìon NB1323
lios nmf lise, liosa g liosan pl	enclosure, garden, fortified place	Seann Lios NH5442
lise	see lios
loch nm locha g lochan pl	lake, arm of the sea	Loch a Tuath NB1120, Loch Beag NC8863
lochan nm lochain g lochain pl	small loch or lake	Lochan a’ Bhàigh NM2563, Lochan Buidhe ND0369
lòin, lòintean	see lòn	Lochan Dubh Cùl an Lòin ND0552
loisgte adj	burnt	Lochan Loisgte NM6264, Mòine Loisgte NR7661
lòn nm lòin g lòintean pl	marsh, morass, pool,meadow	Lòn a’ Chlèirich NG2650, Bad an Lòin NO1270
long nf luinge g longan pl	ship	Bàgh na Luinge NR4345, Camas Luinge NM8677
losgann nm losgainn g losgannan pl	frog, toad	Lag na Losgainn NR4272, Loch Losgainn NH6693
luachar nf luachair, luachrach g	place where rushes grow	Lòn Luachrach NG3522, Maol na Luachrach NM6323
lùb nf lùib g lùban pl	meander, bend	Sgeir Lùb nan Ròn NR6094
lùib nf lùibe g lùibean pl	alternative form of lùb	Lùib Bhàn NC4547, Lùib Luachrach NN2043
luig	see lag	Port an Luig Mhòir NG5212
luinge	see long	Port Bàta na Luinge NM4141
mac nm mhic g	son	Coire Mhic Fhearchair NG9460, Mac isMàthair NH0687
machair nmf machrach g machraichean pl	extensive, low‑lying fertile ground	Machair Leathann NF8277, Cruach na Machrach NR8863
madadh nm madaidh g madaidhean pl	dog, wolf, fox	Fèith nam Madadh NN7880, Leac nam Madadh NF9567
magh nmf magha g magaidh pl	plain, field	Magh Torray NB0617, Magh‑cul NN5590
maigheach nf maighiche g maighichean pl	hare	Meall nam Maigheach NM9576, Tom namMaigheach NN5616
maing	see mang
màis	see màs
màm nmf màim g màman pl	breast, large round hill, gap	Màm Mòr NH5742, Allt a’ Mhàim NG9325
manach nm manaich g manaich pl	monk	Allt nam Manach NR7831, Bàrr nam Manach NR9484
mang nf maing g mangan pl	fawn, young hart	Coire nam Mang NC4133
maol nm maoil g maoil pl	bare top, promontory, bare round hill	Càrn Maol NH8645, Cnoc Maol Donn NC9755
mara	see muir	Rubha na Muice Mara NN0377
màs nm màis g màsan pl	buttock, bottom	Màs a’ Chnuic NF9694, Màs an Rubha NB1303
màthair nf màthar g màthraichean pl	mother, source	Mac is Màthair NH0687, Lochan Màthair Eite NN2854
meadhan, meadhon nm meadhain, meadhoin gmeadhanan, meadhonan pl	middle, centre	Meall Meadhoin NC8006, Monadh Meadhoin NM7153
meall nm mill g mill pl	lump, applied to a round hill	Meall Buidhe ND0057
meanbh adj	small	Blàr Meanbh NN1277, Meanbh ChnocanGlen NB0022
meann nm minn g minn pl	kid, young roe‑deer	Rubha nam Meann NR5480, Sgeir nam Meann NC0834
mèinn nf mèinne g mèinnean pl	mine, ore
mèirleach nm mèirlich g mèirlich pl	thief, robber	Cnoc a’ Mhèirlich NG4468
meur nf meòir g meòir pl	finger, branch, applied to small streams	Allt Meur nan Clach NH2144
mh‑	A word starting mh is often a lenited form of a word starting m
mhic	see mac	Coire Mhic Fhearchair NG9460
mill	see meall	Sròn a’ Mhill NG4843
mìn adj	soft, tender, delicate, smooth	Creag Mhìn NN9047, Mhìn‑choise NN7481
minn	see meann	Loch a’ Mhinn NM8612
mnà	see bean	Allt na Mnà Bàine NH3899, Druim na Mnà NB2332
mòd nm mòid g mòdan pl	court, trial, meeting	Allt a’ Mhòid NC5638, Tom a’ Mhòid NH5320
moil	see mol	Camas Chala Moil NA9923
mòine nf mònadh, mòine g mònach pl	peat, moor	Cnoc na Mòine NC6252, Druim na Mòine NB2031
mòinteach nf mòintich g mòintichean pl	mossy ground, moor	Mòinteach a’ Lòin NB1120, Mòinteach Dhubh NN2179
mol nm moil, mola g molan pl	shingly beach	Mol a’ Chaolais NG2297, Mol a’ Deas NB3202
molach adj	hairy, rough, stormy	Na Lùibean Molach NC2301, Tom Molach NS2196
mona	anglicised form of mòine	Monabuie NN9727
mònach, mònadh	see mòine
monadh nm monaidh g monaidhean pl	mountain, moor, heath	Monadh Beag NN1585, Allt a’ Mhonaidh NG7850
mòr adj	large, great	Monadh Mòr NH5853, Mòr Bheinn NN7121
more	anglicised form of mòr	Ardmore NC2051, Auchmore NK0057
morghan nm morghain g	gravel, shingle, pebbly beach	Loch a’ Mhorghain NB1504, Bàgh Tòb a’ Mhorghain NB1137
muc nf muice g mucan pl	pig	Rubha na Muice Mara NN0377, Allt nam Muc NJ1321
muck	anglicised form of muc	Culnamuck NF6500, Drummuck NS2303
muice	see muc	Coire Gleann na Muice NC3711
muigh	see a‑muigh
muileann nm muilinn g muilnean, muileannan pl	mill	Druim a’ Mhuilinn NM6042, Loch a’ Mhuilinn NC8756
muilt	see mult	Loch a’ Mhuilt Dhuibh NG1392
muir nmf mara g marannan pl	sea	Sloc na Mara NN1982, Taobh na Mara NR7165
mullach nm mullaich g mullaichean pl	top, summit	Am Mullach NO3790, Camas nam Mullach NM6962
mult nm muilt g muilt pl	wether, castrated ram	Bad nam Mult NC1741, Camas nam Mult NG7013
muran nm murain g	sea bent	Creag nam Muran NM7805, Eilean a’ Mhurain NF8754
na, na h‑, nam, nan	forms of definite article “the”
nathair nf nathrach g nathraichean pl	snake, adder	Meall Nathrach NN4475, Allt nan Nathair NC7025
nead nmf nid g nid pl	nest, circular hollow	An Nead NH1031, Coire nan Nead NN4273
nic nf	daughter (abbreviation of nighean mhic)	Loch Nic Dhomhnaill NB4949, Rubha Nic Eamoin NG2404
nighean nf nighinne, ìghne, inghinn g nigheanan pl	daughter, young woman	Tobar nan Nighean NG2757, Allt na h‑Ighine NH2181
òb nm òbain g òbain pl	small bay, harbour	Òb a’ Chlachain NF8243, Òb Dubh NG7458
ochter	anglicised form of uachdar	Ochtertyre NN8323
odhar adj	dun‑coloured, pale, yellow	Sròn a’ Choire Odhair NN2058, Coire Odhar NG7886
oidhche nf oidhche g oidhcheannan pl	night	Bealach na h‑Oidhche NG8314, Loch na h‑Oidhche NH1577
òir	see òr
oitir nf oitire g oitirean pl	sand bank, shallow	Oitir Mhòr NF8157, Oitir Bheag NF8246
òr nm òir g	gold	Sgeir an Òir NC6164, Uamh an Òir NG9795
òrd nm ùird g òrdan, ùird pl	round hill	Beinn Ùird NS3998, Cnoc an Ùird NH5341
òs nm òsa g òsan pl	mouth or outlet of a river	Òs a Muigh NB0333, Òs Uarach NB4252
pàirc nf pàirce g pàircean pl	field, enclosure	A’ Phàirc Loisgte NN4856, Cnoc na Pàirce NG4150
pait nf paite g paitean pl	lump, hump	Pait Fhearchair NG9384, Sgùrr na Paite NM8281
partan nm partain g partanan pl	small edible sea‑crab	Poll nam Partan NM4884, Port nam Partan NM3452
peighinn nf peighinne g peighinnean pl	pennyland (an old Scottish land measurement)	Allt Coire Pheiginn NN7451, Allt na Peighinn NG6217
ph‑	A word starting ph is often a lenited form of a word starting p
plucan nm plucain g plucanan pl	knot, lump, piece of earth	Pluc Mòr NH7020
pòir	see pòr
poit nf poite g	pot	Coire na Poite NG8145
poll nm puill g puill pl	pool, pit, deep stagnant water, wet meadow	Poll a’ Bhainne NG3656, Poll a’ Choire NB4231
pòr nm pòir g pòran pl	seed, grain, corn, crops	Caochan nam Pòran NH6434
port nm puirt g puirt pl	port, harbour, ferry	Port a’ Bhàta NB0100, Port an Duine NM1752
preas nm pris g preasan, pris pl	shrub, bush, thicket	Preas a’ Chrannaidh NC2809, Preas Caol NC9250
puill	see poll
puirt	see port	Eilean Puirt Lèithe NR6975
raineach nf rainich g	fern	Coire Rainich NH3975, Creag Rainich NB0331
ràmh nm ràimh g ràimh pl	oar	Eilean nan Ràmh NF7619, Loch nan Ràmh NB3229
raon nf raoin g raontan, raointean pl	field	An Raon NG7478, Raon na Ceàrdaich NC0925
ràth nm	fort	Ràth Fhinn NN3098, Allt Ràth a’ Bheulain NM5166
rathad nm rathaid, rothaid g ròidean pl	road, way	Crom‑Rathad NH6090, Bealach an Rathaid NH3848
reamhar adj	fat	Maol Reamhar NS3391, Meall Reamhar NN4622
rèidh nm rèidhean pl	smooth, level ground, plain, meadow	Coire Rèidh NC3220, Leac Rèidh NB3909
rèilig nf rèilige g rèiligean pl	grave, burying place, church	Fèith Rèilig NC5059
rèisg	see riasg
reoch	anglicised form of riabhach	Tynreoch NN7123, Alltreoch NO0956
riabhach adj	brindled, greyish,brown	Srath Riabhach NR6388, Sròn Riabhach NO1675
riasg nm rèisg g	moor, fen	The Riasg ND3138, Tom an Rèisg NJ1515
rìgh nm rìgh g rìghrean pl	king	Càrn an Rìgh NC3757, Clach an Rìgh NC6839
rinn nm rinne g rinnean pl	point, promontory	Rinn a’ Chrubain NR9023, Rinn Dearg NJ2908
rioch	anglicised form of riabhach	Barranrioch NM8929, Dalrioch NR6918
rodh nm rodha g	water‑edge, water mark	Allt Uchd Rodha NH2539, Rubha Rodha NC0523
roid nf roide g roidean pl	bog myrtle	Camas na Roide NG1893
ròidean	see rathad
ròin	see ròn	Loch an Ròin NC1954
roinn nf roinne g roinnean pl	division, share, portion	Gob na Roinne NH0017, Rubha na Roinne NG4200
rois	see ros
ròn nm ròin g ròin pl	seal	Rubha nan Ròn NF8158, Sgeir an Ròin NG6724
ros nm rois g rosan pl	promontory, isthmus, peninsula	Ros a’ Mheallain NG3740
rothaid	see rathad	Loch an Rothaid NG1491
ruadh adj	red, brown	Ruadh Bhealach NN1248, Rubha Ruadh NC4462
rubha nm rubhaichean pl	promontory, headland, point of land	Sean‑Rubha NL9346, Rubha na Lice NM8029
ruighe nmf ruighean pl	hill‑slope, sheiling	Ruighe a’ Ghlaic NN7353, Allt an Ruighe Bhric NM8686, Allt na Ruighe Lèithe NH5176, Ruighean an Daimh NC5852
sabhal nm sabhail g sabhalan pl	barn, granary	Allt an t‑Sabhail NH5291, Cnoc an t‑Sabhail NC5233
sac nm saic g saic, sacan pl	horse load	Cnoc an t‑Saic NH3398, Druim an t‑Saic NN6362
sagart nm sagairt g sagartan pl	priest	Eilean an t‑Sagairt NM9231, Lòn an t‑Sagairt NR7081
saic	see sac	Cnoc an t‑Saic NH3398
saidh nf saidhe g saidhean pl	upright beam, post	Loch Coire na Saidhe NC4436, Sgeir nan Saidhean NM7010
saighead nf saighde g saighdean pl	arrow	Lochan nan Saighead NB1705, Beinn na Saighde NB4236
sàil nf sàl, sàile, sàlach g sàilean, sàiltean pl	heel	Sàil Mhòr NH1768, Sàil Gharbh NC4134
sàilean nm sàilein g sàileanan pl	little inlet, arm of the sea, deep bay	Sàilean Mòr NM5859, Sàilean Ruadh NM9833
sàl, sàlach	see sàil	Loch na Sàlach NH3267
salach adj	dirty	Camas Salach NM6861, Àirigh Shalach NH0666
saobhaidh nf saobhaidh(e) g saobhaidhean pl	animal‑den	Allt na Saobhaidhe ND0335, Caochan na Saobhaidh NJ0609
saor nm saoir g saoir pl	carpenter, wright	Eilean an t‑Saoir NM1455, Lùb an t‑Saoir NM9364
seabhag nmf seabhaig g seabhagan pl	hawk	Creag na Seabhaig NM9515, Allt na Seabhaig NH5315
seachd num	seven	Eilean nan Seachd Seisrichean NM4263
seagal nm seagail g	rye	Cnoc an t‑Seagaill NC2413, Allt an t‑Seagaill NH5473
sealg nf seilg g sealgan pl	hunt, chase	Loch na Seilge NC9258, Srath na Seilge NC7018
seamrag nf seamraig g seamragan pl	trefoil, shamrock	Beinn na Seamraig NG7217, Cnoc na Seamraig NN1621
sean adj	old	Sean‑Àirigh NC9458, Sean‑Allt NJ2014
seangan nm seangain g seangain, seanganan pl	ant	Sgeir an t‑Seangain NM7162, Allt nan Seangan NH5596
seann	alternative form of sean	Monadh Seann‑talaimh NH3001
searrach adj	edge, pointed, sharp	Coireag Searrach NH0031
searrach nm searraich g searraich pl	foal, colt	Cnoc nan Searrach NB2330, Glac nan Searrach NG4551
seasg nf seasga g seisg, seisge pl	bog‑reed	Cnocan Seasg NH9386, Carr Seasg NR7671
seilcheag nf seilcheig g seilcheagan pl	snail	Creag nan Seilcheag NG8300
seileach nm seilich g seileachan pl	willow	Fèith Seileach NG6711, Bad nan Seileach ND1131
seilg	see sealg	Loch na Seilg NC3658
seisg, seisge	see seasg
sgadan nm sgadain g sgadain pl	herring	Glac nan Sgadan NG9407, Port an Sgadain NR7084
sgarbh nm sgairbh g sgairbh pl	cormorant, heron	Rubha nan Sgarbh NB4929
sgeine, sgeinean	see sgian
sgeir nf sgeire g sgeirean pl	sea rook, skerry	Sgeir a’ Choire NR4043, Sgeir nan Sgarbh NB4057
sgian nf sgeine, sgine g sgeinean, sgineachan pl	knife	Sgian Dubh NS0675, Sgurr na Sgine NG9411
sgitheach nm sgithich g	hawthorn	Cnoc nan Sgitheach NS0199, Abhainn Sgitheach NH5162
sgoilte adj	split, cracked	Aonach Sgoilte NG8302, Càrn Sgoilte NB9706
sgòr nm sgòir g sgòran, sgòraichean pl	non‑standard form of sgùrr	Sgòr a’ Chaorainn NH4577, Sgòr an Daimh NN2971
sgòrr	alternative form of sgùrr	Sgòrr a’ Chait NN3406, Sgòrr an Fhithich NN5408
sgùrr nm sgurra g sgurran pl	rocky peak, sharp steep hill	Sgùrr a’ Bhuic NN2070, Sgùrr a’ Chaise NG5702
sh‑	A word starting sh is often a lenited form of a word starting s
siar	form of iar	Tamana Siar NB0020
sìdh nm	non‑standard form of sìth: (fairy) hill	Sìdh Beag NJ1713, Sìdh Mòr NJ1713
sidhean	non‑standard form of sìthean	Sidhean Mòr ND0556, Sidhean a’ Chlèirich NC1319
sionnach nm sionnaich g sionnaich pl	fox	Allt nan Sionnach NM7692, Coire an t‑Sionnaich NN1760
sìor adj	constant, eternal	Carraig an t‑Sìor Shruith NM2968
sìthean nm sìthein g sìthein pl	fairy knoll, hillock	Allt an t‑Sìthein NG4931, Cnoc nan Sìthean ND0342
sleac	alternative form of leac	Meall nan Sleac NN8694, Sleac Gorm NO2289
sleamhainn adj	slippery, smooth	Leac Shleamhuinn NF7714, Carraig Shleamhuinn NG2149
sliabh nm slèibh g slèibhtean pl	high moorland; purple moor‑grass (Molinia t‑Slèibhe caerulea)	Allt a’ Choire Sliabh NG9170, Càrn an NJ1411
slios nm sliosa g sliosan pl	side, slope	Loch an t‑Slios NB2124, Slios Garbh NG8888
sloc nm sluic g slocan pl	pit, hollow, pool	Sloc an Tairbh NF7200, Tom an t‑Sluic NN1479
slugaid nf slugaide g	quicksand, muddy place, gorge	Allt na Slugaide NB4839, Cnoc na Slugaide NB4739
sluic	see sloc	Lochan an t‑Sluic NN8290
sneachd nm sneachda g	snow	Coire an t‑Sneachda NH1927, Glac an t‑Sneachda NM4923
sobhal	non‑standard form of sabhal	Cnoc an t‑Sobhail NH2438
soc nm suic g	point, snout	Soc Glas NC3272, Soc Mhic Chailein NC1743
spàrdan nm spàrdain g spàrdain, spàrdanan pl	little eminence, hill, short steep slope	An Spàrdan NM6800, Bruthach nan Spàrdan NN7281
speireag nf speireig g speireagan pl	sparrow hawk	Cnoc nan Speireag NG3631, Creagan na Speireig NC4855
sprèidh nf sprèidhe g	cattle	Loch nan Sprèidh NH3893, Lag na Sprèidhe NM5521
sràid nf sràide g sràidean pl	road, street	Sràid Ruadh NL9547, Sràid Stac na Mòine NR2847
srath nm sratha g srathan pl	valley, riverside land	Srath a’ Bhàthaich NG8847, Abhainn an t‑Sratha NB1800
sròn nf sròine g srònan pl	nose, point	Sròn Mhòr NB1429, Sròn a’ Mhill NG4843
sruth nm srutha, sruith g sruthan pl	current, stream	Bun an t‑Sruth NF7366, Oban nan Sruthan NF8874
staca nm staca, staic g stacan, stacannan pl	high cliff or hill, precipice	Ruadh Stac NG5123, Stac nam Bodach NN9770
staigh	see a‑staigh
staimh nm staimh g	sea tangle	Poll an Staimh NG3764
stalla nm stallachan pl	overhanging rock, steep sea rock	Stalla nam Manach NG9170, Stallachan Dubha NM5362
steall nf still g steallan pl	torrent, cataract	Steall a’ Choire NC3728, Steall an Eisg NM8154
stob nm stuib g stoban pl	point, stake	Stob a’ Chaorainn NN4504, Stob a’ Chòin NN4116
strath	anglicised form of srath	Strathtay NN9153, Strathaird NG5317
stùc nf stùic g stùcan, stùcannan pl	little hill, cliff, pinnacle	Stùc a’ Bhuic NN3904, Stùc Bàn NS2996
stuib	see stob
sùbh nm sùibh g sùbhan pl	raspberry	Meall nan Sùbh NN4539, Bruach nan Sùbh NR4964
suic	see soc
suidhe nm suidhean, suidheachan pl	seat, sitting or resting place, level shelf	Càrn an t‑Suidhe NG8754, Suidhe Beag NJ2624
sùil nf sùla g sùilean pl	eye, sandy hole	Sùil an Ear NB1836, Sùil na Cloiche NB2320
taigh nm taighe g taighean pl	house	Allt nan Taighean NM7293, Bean an Taighe NM6375
tàillear nm tàilleir g tàillearan pl	tailor	Cnoc an Tàilleir NC6036, Coire an Tàilleir NH1839
tairbeart nf tairbeirt g tarbeartan pl	crossing, portage, isthmus	Loch an Tairbeirt NB3419, Tairbeart NG5847
tairbh	see tarbh	Luig an Tairbh NR3143
talamh nmf talamh, talmhainn g talamhan pl	land	Sean‑Talamh NN5615, MonadhSeann‑talaimh NH3001
tana adj	thin, slender, shallow	Loch Tana NB3329
taobh nm taoibh g taobhan pl	side, way, place	Taobh a’ Ghlinne NN0372, Taobh Deas NF9692
tarbeartan	see tairbeart
tarbert	anglicised form of tairbeart	Tarbert NB1400
tarbh nm tairbh g tairbh pl	bull	Boglach nan Tarbh NM6724, Clach anTairbh NH1568
tarsainn adj	lying across, oblique	Toman Tarsainn NH5121, Allt Tarsainn NH1260
tartar nm tartair g	noise, clamour	Uamh an Tartair NC2109
teampall nm teampaill g teampaill pl	church	Teampull Bhuirgh NF7650, TeampullChriosd NF7861
teanga nf teangaidh g teangan, teangannan pl	tongue	Teanga Bhàn NM6526, Teanga nan Each NH0350
teine nm teintean pl	fire, beacon	Tom an Teine NN2179, Cnoc an Teine NH4747
th‑	A word starting th is often a lenited form of a word starting t
tibber, tiber	anglicised form of tiobar: well	Knockentiber NS3939, Auchentibber NS6754
tigh	non‑standard form of taigh	Tigh an Droma NS0427, Tigh an Eilein NO1464
tilly	anglicised form of tulach	Tillybrack NJ6619, Tillycairn NJ8331
tioram adj	dry	Cnocan Tioram NR7552, Eilean TioramNG7873
tìr nf tìre g tìrean pl	land	Tìr Dhubh NR9732, Tìr Chille NM3218
tòb nm	bay	Tòb a’ Chuilinn NB1733, Tòb a’ Ghearraidh NB0216
tobar nmf tobair, tobrach g tobraichean pl	well, fountain, spring	Tobar an Easbuig NF8040, Tobar na Slàinte NH8573
tobhta nm tobhtaichean pl	ruin with walls standing	Tobhta nan Druidhean NG5158, Tobhta NB0434
tobrach, tobraichean	see tobar
todhar nm todhair g todharan pl	field manured by penning cattle on it	Todhar Dubh NM4151, Ach’an Todhair NN0971
tòine	see tòn
toll nm tuill g tuill pl	hole, hollow	Toll Beag ND0427, Toll Creagach NH1513
tolm nm tuilm g tolman pl	island in a river or near shore	Tolm NB3350, Eilean Thuilm NM4791
tom nm tuim g tomannan pl	knoll (east), copse (west)	Tom na h‑Iolaire NC9221, Loch an Tuim NB4243
tòn nf tòine g tònan pl	fundament, breech, anus	Goirtein na Tòine NM6134, Tom na Tòine NC2630
torc nm tuirc g tuirc pl	boar	Càrn an Tuirc NO1780
tòrr nm torra g torran pl	heap, hill, mountain, mound	Tòrr a’ Bhacain NM3821, Tòrr a’ Chruidh NG3656
tràigh nf tràighe, tràghad g tràighean, tràghannan pl	beach	Cnoc na Tràighe NR2763, Tràigh Mhòr NB5448
trì num	three	Cnoc nan Trì Tom NB3124, Lòn Trì Chrìoch NM9518
tuath adj	north	Meall Tuath NG4176, Port a Tuath NA9812
tuill	see toll	Rubha Uamh an Tuill NR5162
tuilm	see tolm	Allt Thuilm NG0898
tuim	see tom	Beinn an Tuim NM9283
tùir	see tùr	Ceann an Tùir NM6041
tuirc	see torc	Coire Allt an Tuirc NH0522
tulach nm tulaich g tulaichean pl	knoll, hillock	Tom Mòr an Tulach NB3545, Tulach an Fhuarain ND1252
tullich	anglicised form of tulach	Cultullich NN8750, Glastullich NH1595
tulloch	anglicised form of tulach	Scoretulloch NS5836, Tulloch NH6192
tunnag nf tunnaig g tunnagan pl	duck	Loch Tunnaig NM9101, Tòb nan Tunnag NB1433
tùr nm tùir g tùir pl	tower	Tùr Mòr NM5545, Loch an Tùir NC1126
ty	anglicised form of taigh	Tyndrum NH5220, Tynabeinne NR2663, Tynacoille NR2763
uachdar nm uachdair g uachdaran pl	top, upper part, summit	Uachdar NF8055, Allt an Uachdair NR8934
uaimh nf uaimhe, uamha g uaimhean, uamhan pl	cave	Allt na h‑Uaimhe NH7201
uaine adj	green	Cnoc Uaine NG6709, Coire Uaine NH4383
uamh	alternative form of uaimh	Uamh an Òir NG9795
uchd nm uchda g uchdan pl	breast, ascent, side of a hill	Uchd a’ Bhlàir NM4279, Uchd an Ùird NG7931
ùidh nf ùidhe g ùidhean pl	isthmus, ford	Ùidh an Tuim NC2948, Ùidh Dhubh NC3039
ùig nf ùige g ùigean pl	nook, hollow, cave, den, bay	Bad na h‑Ùige ND0737, Bealach Ùige NG4464
uillt	see allt	Bad an Uillt ND2044
uinnseann nm uinnseinn g	ash tree	Allt an Uinnseinn NC3856, Cnoc an Uinnseinn NN5517
ùird	see òrd	Beinn Ùird NS3998, Cnoc an Ùird NH5341
uisge nm uisgean, uisgeachan pl	water, rain, river	Uisge Dhubh NH0038
ulaidh nf ulaidhe g ulaidhean pl	treasure	Tom na h‑Ulaidhe NN5811, Creagan na h‑Ulaidh NH2623
ùr adj	new, fresh, recent	Meall Ùr a’ Bhorraich NG7137
ùruisg nm ùruisge g ùruisgean pl	water spirit	Sruthan an Ùruisge NR5979

The background to the creation of this guide

Early in the 20th century, Ordnance Survey issued a small pamphlet, The most common Gaelic words used on the Ordnance Survey Maps, for use with the one‑inch maps of Scotland. In 1935, the Board of Celtic Studies and the University of Wales compiled a similar booklet, The most common Welsh words used on the Ordnance Survey Maps, for use with maps of Wales. This was reprinted in 1949.

Later it was decided to increase the scope of the Gaelic names pamphlet, so the Scottish Geographical Society undertook a complete recompilation and published an enlarged edition in 1951 which included a list of Scandinavian elements used in Scottish place names. In 1968, Ordnance Survey produced an A5 booklet, Place names on maps of Scotland and Wales, which combined revised versions of both earlier publications. The booklet underwent several reprints, with the last reprint published in 1995.

In the booklet, Ordnance Survey thanked Dr W F H Nicolaisen of the University of Edinburgh’s School of Scottish Studies for his advice on the Gaelic and Scandinavian elements, William Matheson, senior lecturer in the Department of Celtic Studies at the University of Edinburgh for the revised guide to Gaelic pronunciation, and the Board of Celtic Studies of the University of Wales for their help with the Welsh glossary.

In 2003, Ordnance Survey decided to update the content of the booklet, to extend the coverage to include the Scots language, and to publish the revised information electronically as a series of web pages. The resulting series of Guides, of which this is one, were published in 2004, with minor revisions to the Gaelic Guide in 2005, and was republished on GetOutside in 2019. They are not the definitive work on language influences in place names in Great Britain, but more a guide to common elements arising from Gaelic, Scandinavian, Scots and Welsh.

Ordnance Survey has benefited from the skill and expertise of various experts in reviewing the previous material and preparing these Guides. In the case of the Welsh section they are Professor Hywel Wyn Owen and Gruffudd Prys of the University of Wales in Bangor. For the Gaelic, Scots and Scandinavian sections they are Dr Anke‑Beate Stahl, Dr Simon Taylor, Peadar Morgan and the Gaelic Names Liaison Committee.

Further information and references

Top image: Amhuinnsuidhe (river shelf or ledge) Castle on Harris, Outer Hebrides, © Peter Moore, used under Creative Commons Licence via the Geograph project.

Ordnance Survey has a Gaelic names policy relating to the use and depiction of Gaelic names on their mapping and other products. Full details can be found on Gaelic Names Policies page.

Gaelic books and books and cassettes for Gaelic learners can be ordered through the web site of Comhairle nan Leabhraichean/The Gaelic Books Council (gaelicbooks.org). Information on various Gaelic‑language clubs, classes and courses around Scotland and beyond can be found on the web site of Clì Gàidhlig, the membership organisation for Gaelic learners and non‑native speakers

Details of books on Scottish place names can be found on the web site of the Scottish Place‑Name Society/Comann Ainmean‑Àite na h‑Alba at spns.org.uk

Cox, Richard A V (1991): Brìgh nam Facal, Gairm Publications, Glasgow

Gaelic Orthographic Conventions (2005), Scottish Qualifications Authority. Available on the web at sqa.org.uk

See the collection of guides to place names in Britain:

• The Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain
• The Welsh origins of place names in Britain
• The Scots origins of place names in Britain
• The Gaelic origins of place names in Britain